This book examines the concept of varna as both an intellectual category and a social practice, tracing its historical evolution and contemporary relevance across twenty chapters. Part I outlines foundational perspectives, situating varna in Vedic literature, epic narratives, and early inscriptions, and highlights the tension between philosophical ideals and lived realities. Part II analyzes historical transformations, including the institutionalization of caste in medieval polities, the impact of Bhakti and Sufi movements, and the colonial reinvention of caste through census and orientalist frameworks. It further considers the constitutional abolition of untouchability, debates on reservations, and the shifting dynamics of caste in the context of globalization. Part III turns to the social dimensions of varna, examining intersections with gender, sexuality, politics, education, economy, law, health, and religion. It shows how caste operates across multiple spheres, producing enduring inequalities while also serving as a site of resistance and reinterpretation in philosophy, literature, and the arts. Part IV extends the discussion to global and future contexts, analyzing caste within diaspora communities, its representations in media and digital spaces, and its role in social movements. The book concludes with a forward-looking assessment of whether varna will persist in transformed forms or yield to the pursuit of equality through law, education, technology, and shifting cultural values.